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One approach is to take something that works and tweak it. The first example in the question could easily fall in this category:

> Not obvious that POMELO can mix with CUTTLEFISH

How different is that to lemon juice with squid, which has been a standard combination in Mediterranean cuisine for a long time?

An illustration of this approach from an [article by Heston Blumenthal](https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/may/04/foodanddrink.shopping):

> Salt can really help bring out the flavour of many desserts ...
>
> A couple of years ago, I thought why not experiment by replacing the salt with other salty ingredients? I tried various salt-replacement ingredients, ranging from cured duck ham (which worked quite well) to various types of shellfish (which were not all so successful). I then tried caviar and was shocked.
>
> The combination of white chocolate and salty caviar worked well...

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A more modernist perspective on this is that you're taking the function of the ingredient and then looking for an ingredient which can perform the function. For example, when designing a salad you typically want to hit all of the primary flavours: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and oleogustus. Typically the sour and oleogustus might come from a vinaigrette; bitter from some kind of green leaf, umami from meat, cheese, or tomatoes; etc. Some of them might be quite subtle: e.g. I find that tarragon has a slightly sweet taste and use it for that purpose in some salads. You could consider, as an exercise, trying to deconstruct the next salad you eat to identify which ingredient (or maybe ingredients) is providing each basic flavour.

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The hyper-modernist approach is to pair foods by chemical composition. Blumenthal went on to become a big fan of this approach. You can buy data about the compounds in foods which contribute to their flavour (e.g. Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients) and look for pairs of foods which have a lot of overlap.

For example, strawberries and tomatoes have a lot in common, and can sometimes be substituted for each other; similarly cucumbers and watermelons. (From experience I can tell you that in gazpacho andaluz either the tomato or the cucumber can be substituted like this with good results, but substituting both doesn't work well).